玉(yu)米常見蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)害有(you)玉(yu)米螟、黏蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、蚜(ya)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)、薊馬等。棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)是(shi)(shi)鱗翅(chi)(chi)目(mu)夜蛾科昆蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)，屬世界性農(nong)業害蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)。成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)長 14-18 毫米，翅(chi)(chi)展 30-38 毫米，呈(cheng)灰(hui)褐色(se)(se)，前翅(chi)(chi)有(you)褐色(se)(se)腎形(xing)紋和(he)(he)環(huan)形(xing)紋，后翅(chi)(chi)淡(dan)棕灰(hui)且(qie)外緣有(you)褐色(se)(se)寬帶。卵(luan)為(wei)半球形(xing)，初乳(ru)白后變黃。幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)體(ti)色(se)(se)多樣，有(you)綠、淡(dan)綠、黃白等色(se)(se)，體(ti)表具褐色(se)(se)和(he)(he)灰(hui)色(se)(se)尖刺，蛹(yong)是(shi)(shi)赤褐色(se)(se)紡錘(chui)形(xing)。棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)以(yi)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)蛀食玉(yu)米花(hua)、果穗、嫩葉等，導致玉(yu)米缺(que)粒、爛穗，嚴重影(ying)響產量(liang)和(he)(he)品(pin)質。據統計，棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)在(zai)中國一年發生 3-7 代(dai)，蛹(yong)在(zai)土中越冬，成蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)具趨(qu)光性和(he)(he)趨(qu)化性，愛(ai)在(zai)生長茂(mao)密、開花(hua)早的(de)玉(yu)米田產卵(luan)。

棉鈴蟲(chong)對玉米(mi)(mi)危害極(ji)大。其幼(you)蟲(chong)會蛀(zhu)食玉米(mi)(mi)的(de)多(duo)個部(bu)位，尤其偏好果穗。一旦蛀(zhu)入，便在內部(bu)肆(si)意啃(ken)食玉米(mi)(mi)粒(li)，致使玉米(mi)(mi)出現大量缺(que)粒(li)、爛穗的(de)情況，嚴重降(jiang)低玉米(mi)(mi)的(de)產量，給(gei)種植戶帶來經濟損(sun)失 。還(huan)有(you)，幼(you)蟲(chong)不放過玉米(mi)(mi)的(de)嫩葉(xie)，葉(xie)片(pian)被啃(ken)食得千瘡百孔(kong)，影響玉米(mi)(mi)的(de)光合作用(yong)，阻礙(ai)植株正常生長(chang)(chang)發(fa)育(yu)，削弱玉米(mi)(mi)的(de)整體(ti)長(chang)(chang)勢。被棉鈴蟲(chong)侵(qin)害的(de)玉米(mi)(mi)，品質下降(jiang)，賣相變差，在市場(chang)上的(de)競爭(zheng)力大打折扣，進一步損(sun)害種植戶的(de)利(li)益。

那么如何防控蟲害(hai)呢(ni)？

防控(kong)棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)可從化(hua)學防控(kong)和蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)情監(jian)測兩(liang)方面(mian)著手。化(hua)學防控(kong)需選用(yong)氯蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)?高氯氟(fu)、甲氨基阿維菌素苯甲酸鹽等高效、低毒且(qie)對天敵安全(quan)的(de)藥劑(ji)，在棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)低齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)期，即卵孵化(hua)盛期至 3 齡(ling)幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)前(qian)施(shi)藥最佳，此時幼蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)抗藥性弱。施(shi)藥時要保(bao)證藥劑(ji)均勻覆(fu)蓋(gai)玉(yu)米植株，尤其是心葉、雄(xiong)穗和雌穗等棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)(chong)(chong)偏(pian)好取食處，可利用(yong)背負式噴霧器、無(wu)人機等設備(bei)噴霧。

蟲(chong)情監(jian)測方(fang)面(mian)，在玉米田周邊及田間均(jun)勻設置監(jian)測點，間隔一定距離(li)放置棉鈴蟲(chong)測報儀（蟲(chong)情監(jian)測儀），利(li)用(yong)性誘素或者特殊燈(deng)光吸引棉鈴蟲(chong)，統計(ji)捕獲棉鈴蟲(chong)數(shu)量(liang)(liang)并(bing)記錄(lu)性別、發育階段等信息，依據這些(xie)數(shu)據繪制蟲(chong)口(kou)(kou)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)變化曲線(xian)，當蟲(chong)口(kou)(kou)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)達防治(zhi)指標(biao)時及時預(yu)警(jing)，為化學防控(kong)提供精準時間，避免盲目用(yong)藥(yao)，減(jian)少農藥(yao)用(yong)量(liang)(liang)，保護生態環境 。

科普：棉(mian)鈴蟲(chong)測報儀(yi)是什么？

棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)測報儀是一種(zhong)用于監測棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)發生(sheng)情(qing)況的(de)專業設備(bei)。它利用棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)趨光性或性信息素誘(you)捕(bu)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)成蟲(chong)(chong)，還結合圖(tu)像識別、數(shu)據(ju)采集與(yu)傳輸等(deng)技(ji)術，能自動記(ji)錄(lu)誘(you)捕(bu)到的(de)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)數(shu)量、大小等(deng)信息，并將數(shu)據(ju)上(shang)傳至管理(li)平臺。工作(zuo)人員可通過(guo)這些數(shu)據(ju)準確掌握棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)發生(sheng)動態、種(zhong)群(qun)密度等(deng)，為棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)的(de)預(yu)(yu)測預(yu)(yu)報和防治工作(zuo)提(ti)供科學依(yi)據(ju)，幫助及(ji)時(shi)采取有(you)效的(de)防控措(cuo)施，減少(shao)棉(mian)(mian)(mian)鈴(ling)蟲(chong)(chong)對(dui)農(nong)作(zuo)物的(de)危(wei)害。

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